SHARP-EATMAN
NATURE
PHOTOGRAPHY
REFERENCES
Guide to Lower Rio Grande Valley Bees
GENERAL NOTE
Identifications of bees in this website's guide were made possible by the expertise and assistance of Dr. John L. Neff of the Central Texas Melittological Institute; Dr. John S. Ascher of the National University of Singapore; and Dr. Karen Wright of Texas A & M University. We are additionally grateful to Dr. Neff for his generous help in supplying information on species behavior and range, and for recommending many of the resources listed below.
Recommended Books about Bees
Buchanan, Stephen L. and Gary Paul Nabhan. The Forgotten Pollinators. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1996.
Carril Olivia Messinger, Wilson, Joseph S. Common Bees of Eastern North America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2021.
Carril Olivia Messinger, Wilson, Joseph S. Common Bees of Western North America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2023.
Danforth, Bryan N, Robert L. Minckley, and John L. Neff. The Solitary Bees: Biology, Evolution, Conservation. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019.
Embry, Paige. Our Native Bees: North America's Endangered Pollinators and the Fight to Save Them. Portland; Timber Press, 2018..
Frankie, Gordon W., Robbin W. Thorp, Rollin E. Coville, and Barbara Ertter. California Bees & Blooms. Berkeley: Heyday, 2014.
Holm, Heather. Pollinators of Native Plants: Attract, Observe and Identify Pollinators and Beneficial Insects with Native Plants. Minnetonka, MN: Pollination Press, 2014.
Koch, Jonathan, James Strange, and Paul Williams. Bumblebees of the Western United States. Washington, D.C., United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service (with Pollinator Partnership), 2012. Available as pdf at website of the USDA Forest Service. <https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/documents/BumbleBeeGuideWestern2012.pdf>
Lebuhn, Gretchen. A Field Guide to the Common Bees of California, Including Bees of the Western United States. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013.
Michener, Charles D. The Bees of the World, 2nd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.
Michener, Charles D. The Social Behavior of the Bees. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.
Michener, Charles D., Ronald J. McGinley and Bryan N.. Danforth, The Bee Genera of North and Central America (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994.
Mitchell, Theodore. B. Bees of the Eastern United States, vol. 1. Raleigh: The North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, 1960.
Mitchell, Theodore. B. Bees of the Eastern United States, vol. 2. Raleigh: The North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, 1960.
Richardson, Alfred. Plants of the Rio Grande Delta. Austin: University of Texas, 1990.
Richardson, Alfred and Ken King. Plants of Deep South Texas. College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 2011.
Williams, Paul, Robbin Thorp, Leif Richardson & Sheila Colla. Bumble Bees of North America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014.
Wilson, Joseph S., and Olivia Messinger Carril. The Bees in Your Backyard: A Guide to North America's Bees. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016. This phenomenal popular guide offers an an ambitious sampling of both East and West Coast bees.]
Xerxes Society, and Eric Mader. Attracting Native Pollinators: Protecting North America's Bees and Butterflies: The Xerces Soceity Guide. North Adams, MA: Storey Publishing, 2010.
Recommended Bee Identification Databases
Ascher, John S., and John Pickering. Discover Life Bee Species Guide and World Checklist (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Anthophila. Discover Life. <www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Apoidea>.
Bug Guide. Iowa State University Department of Entomology. <http://bugguide.net>.
Burrows, S., C. Ritner, M. Christman, L.R. Spears, A. Smith-Pardo, S. Price, R.A. Ramirez, T. Griswold, and A.J. Redford. 2021. Exotic Bee ID. USDA APHIS Identification Technology Program (ITP) and Utah State University. Fort Collins, CO. https://idtools.org/id/bees/exotic
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). <www.itis.gov>
Packer, Laurence and Julio A. Genaro and Cory S. Sheffield. The Bee Genera of Eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Arthropod Identification <http://cjai.biologicalsurvey.ca/pgs_03/pgs_03_main.html>.
Pascarella, John B, & H.G. Hall. The Bees of Florida. University of Florida Department of Entomology and Nematology. 2006. <https://www.entnemdept.ufl.edu/hallg/melitto/intro.htm>.
Recommended Articles on Bees
Ackerman, Arthur J. 1916. “The Carpenter-Bees of the United States of the Genus Xylocopa.” Journal of the New York Entomological Society, vol. 2.3:196-232. [Xylocopa]
Alves-dos-Santos, Isabel. 2010. "Morphological and behavioral aspects of Ancyloscelis Latreille males (Anthophoridae, Apoidea)." Revista brasileira da zoologia, vol.16.2:37-43. [Ancyloscelis.]
Alves-dos-Santos, Isabel., & MC Gaglianone, SCR Naxara,& MS Engel. 2009. “Male sleeping aggregations of solitary oil-collecting bees in Brazil (Centridini, Tapinotaspidini, and Tetrapediini; Hymenoptera: Apidae).” Genetics and Molecular Research,. 8, 515–524. [Centris]
Ashmead, William H. 1899. “Classification of the Bees, or the Superfamily Apoidea.” Transactions of the American Entomological Society, vol. 26.1:49–100 at 61. [Tetraloniella]
Ayala, Ricardo, Terry Griswold and Stephen Bullock. 1993. “The Native Bees of Mexico.” Biological Diversity of Mexico: Origins and Distribution, edited by T. P. Ramamoorthy, Robert Bye and Antonio. Oxford: Oxford University Press (1993): pp. 179-227. [General / Mexican bees]
Baker James R. “Taxonomy of Five Nearctic Subgenera of Coelioxys (Hymenoptera; Megachilidae).” 1975. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, vol. 50.12:649-730. [Coelioxys]
Baker, James R., E.D. Kuhn, & S.B. Bambara. 1985. “Nests and immature stages of leafcutter bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae).” Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, vol. 58.2: 290–313. [Megachile]
"Bees of Maryland: A Field Guide." Washington, D.C.: North American Bee Collaborative, 2017. Available at: <http://bio2.elmira.edu/fieldbio/beesofmarylandbookversion1.pdf>. [General]
Bohart, George E. 1960. The Evolution of Parasitism Among Bees. Utah State University Faculty Honor Lectures; Logan, UT:ii+33 pp.
Bossert Silas, Thomas J Wood, Sebastien Patiny, Denis Michez, Eduardo A.B. Almeida, Robert L. Minckley, Laurence Packer, John L. Neff, Robert S. Copeland, Jakub Straka, Alain Pauly, Terry L. Griswold, Sean G. Brady, Brian N. Danforth, & Elizabeth A Murray. 2022. “Phylogeny, biogeography and diversification of the mining bee family Andrenidae.” Systematic Entomology (2022): 47(2):283–302. [Mesoxaea]
Brumley, Richard L. 1965. “A revision of the bee genus Epeolus Latreille of Western America North of Mexico.”. All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023. 2682. [Epeolus]
Buchmann, Stephen L.. “Bombus sonorous, the Sonoran Bumblebee.” United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. Web. < https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/pollinator-of-the-month/SonoranBumblebee.shtml>. Accessed 2 Nov. 2018. [Bumble bees: Bombus sonorous]
Buchmann, Stephen L..1987. “The ecology of oil flowers and their bees.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol. 18:343–369. [Centris]
“Bumble Bee Identification.” Texas Parks & Wildlife. Web. <https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/wildlife_diversity/nongame/native-pollinators/bumblebee-id.phtml>. Accessed 2 Nov. 2018. [Bumble bees]
“Bumble Bee Life Cycle.” Texas Parks & Wildlife. Web. < https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/wildlife_diversity/nongame/native-pollinators/bumblebee-life.phtml>. Accessed 2 Nov. 2018. [Bumble bees]
Butler, Jr., George D. 1965. “The distribution and host plants of leafcutter bees in Arizona.” Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, vol. 167:1-19. [Megachile]
“Buzz Pollination.” Leonard Lab. Web. <http://www.anneleonard.com/buzz-pollination/>. Accessed 4 Jan. 2016. [A great recording and video of a bumble bee practicing buzz pollination can be viewed here.] [Bombus]
Camillo, Edson, Carlos A Garófalo, & José C. Seranno. 1988. “Observacoes preliminarias sobre a biologia da Melitoma segmentaria (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae).” Ciência e Cultura, vol. 40.7: 914. [Melitoma]
Cane, J.H. & R. W. Brooks. 1983. "Dufour’s gland lipid chemistry of three species of Centris bees (hymenoptera: apoidea, anthophoridae)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B Biochem 76: 895–897. [Centris]
Cane, J.H., Terry l. Griswold, and Frank D. Parker, “Substrates and Materials Used for Nesting by North American Osmia Bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes: Megachilidae).” Annals of the. Entomological Society of America, vol. 100.3 (2007): 350-358. [Osmia]
“Carpenter Bees.” United States Department of Agriculture Forestry Service. Web. <http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/pollinator-of-the-month/carpenter_bees.shtml>. Accessed 21 July 2014. [Xylocopa]
"Centris Bees, the Bean Tree Pollinators." Arizona: Beetles, Bugs, Birds and More. Web. <http://arizonabeetlesbugsbirdsandmore.blogspot.com/2011/05/centris-bees-bean-tree-polinators.html>. Accessed 18 Oct. 2018. [Centris]
Chandler, Leland D., & M.D. Heilman. 1982. “Hymenoptera associated with sunflower in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas with notes on the relative abundance, visitation times and foraging.” Southwest Entomologist, vol. 7.3:170-173. [Svastra]
Cockerell, T.D.A. 1899. Catalogo de las abejas de Mexico. [Catalog of the Bees of Mexico.]. Mexico: Ofic. Tip. de la Secretaria de Fomento. Available here: https://archive.org/details/catalogodelasabe00cock/page/n1 [Melissoptila] (Melissodes pinguis velutinellus]
Cockerell, T.D.A. 1912. “Descriptions and records of bees – XLI”. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol. 8.9: 554-568. [Xylocopa]
Cockerell, T.D.A. 1897. “New and little-known bees.” Transactions of the American Entomological Society, vol. 24:144-162. [Melissoptila] [Melissodes pinguis velutinellus)]
Cockerell, T.D.A. 1903. “The North American bees of the genus Nomada.” Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 55:580–614. [Nomada]
Cockerell, T.D.A. 1905. Diadasia Patton: a genus of bees.” The American Naturalist, vol. 39.466:741-745. [Diadasia]
Cockerell, T.D.A. 1911. "The North American bees of the genus Nomia." Proceedings of the United States National Museum, vol. 28: 297-298. [Nomia]
Cockerell, T.D.A. 1918. “Neotropical Bees, Principally Collected by Professor Bruner in Argentina." Transactions of the American Entomological Society (1890-), vol. 44, no. 1:25–38. [Diadasia tropicalis]
Cockerell, Wilmatte P. 1912. “Collecting Bees at Gualan, Guatemala,” Canadian Entomologist, vol. 44: 277-282. [Xylocopa]
Cockerell, Wilmatte P. 1917. “Collecting Bees in Southern Texas.” Journal of the New York Entomological Society, vol. 25.3: 187–193. [Tetraloniella / Xenoglosses, Megachile chichimeca (Megachile disparipennis)]
“Common name: African honey bee, Africanized honey bee, killer bee, scientific name:Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apidae).” Featured Creatures. University of Florida Department of Entomology and Nematology. Web. http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/bees/ahb.htm. Accessed 26 Dec. 2018. [Apis mellifera]
Cortopassi-Laurino, Marilda, Mariana Taniguchi, & Samuel Boff. “Sobre ninhos de Melitoma segmentaria (Apidae: Apinae: Emporini) em formo artesenal de pao.” Associacao paulista de apicultores criadores de abelhas melificas europeias (APACAME). Web. <http://apacame.org.br/site/revista/mensagem-doce-n-145-marco-de-2018/artigo-4/>. Accessed 20 Nov. 2018. [Melitoma]
Crazy Beach Bee Centris decolorata. Naturalis Biodversity Center, 2017. Dutch Caribbean Species Register, www.dutchcaribbeanspecies.org. [Centris decolarata]
Cresson, Ezra Townsend. 1878-79. “Descriptions of new North American Hymenoptera in the collection of the American Entomological Society.” Transactions of the American Entomological Society, vol. 6-7:61-136. [Ceratina, Exomalopsis, Megachile; Triepeolus]
Cresson, Ezra Townsend. 1878-79.“Descriptions of new species of North American bees.” Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 30:181-221 at 209-210 and 216-217. [Melissoptila] [Melissodes otomita and Melissodes pinguis] [Anthophora capistrata]
Daly, Howell V. 1973. “Bees of the genus Ceratina in America North of Mexico (Hymenoptera: Apoidea).” University of California Publications in Entomology, vol. 74:1-113. [Ceratina]
Danforth, Brian N. 1996. "Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of the Perdita subgenera Macrotera, Macroteropsis, Macroterella and Cockerellula (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)." University of Kansas Science Bulletin, vol. 55 (1996): 635-692. [Macrotera]
Danforth, Bryan N, Robert L. Minckley, and John L. Neff. 2019. The Solitary Bees: Biology, Evolution, Conservation. Princeton: Princeton University Press. [Bee biology & behavior]
Dorchin, Achik, Bryan N. Danforth, & Terry L. Griswold, 2018. “A new genus of eucerine bees endemic to southwestern North America revealed in phylogenetic analyses of the Eucera complex (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Eucerini). Arthrophod Systematics and Phylogeny, vol. 76.2: 215-234. [Tetraloniella; Eucerini classification]
Dorchin, Achik., Margarita M. López-Uribe, Christopher J. Praz, Terry L. Griswold, and Bryan N. Danforth. 2018. “Phylogeny, new generic-level classification, and historical biogeography of the Eucera complex (Hymenoptera: Apidae).” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 119:81-92. [Tetraloniella; Eucerini; Eucera classification]
Downing, Jason, Haydee Borrero, & Hong Liu. 2016. “Differential impacts from an extreme cold spell on subtropical vs. tropical specialist bees in southern Florida.” Ecosphere, vol. 7.5:1-9. [Centris]
Downing, Jason, & Hong Liu. “Friend or foe? Impacts of the introduced tropical oil bee Centris nitida on a threatened and specialized native mutualism in Southern Florida.” Biological Invasions, 14.10 (2012): 2175–2185. [Centris]
Droege, Sam. “Andrenidae, Colletidae, Melittidae: A Guide to Their Identification in Eastern North America.” Web. 9 Dec. 2008. <http://www.slideshare.net/sdroege/eastern-north-american-andrenidae-bees-taxonomy-distribution-identification-presentation>. Accessed 1 Dec. 2018. [Andrena, Colletes]
Droege, Sam. "Guide to the Bee Genera within Apidae of Eastern North America." Parts I and II. Web. 27 Jan. 2009. <http://www.slideshare.net/sdroege/guide-to-the-bee-genera-within-apidae-of-eastern-north-america-part-1-presentation?next_slideshow=1> and https://www.slideshare.net/sdroege/guide-to-the-bee-genera-within-apidae-of-eastern-north-america-part-2-presentation>. Accessed 1 Dec. 2018. [Apidae]
Droege, Sam. “Halictidae: A Guide to Their Identification in Eastern North America.” Web. 7 Jan. 2009. <https://www.slideshare.net/sdroege/identification-of-eastern-north-american-bee-genera-in-the-family-halictidae-presentation>. Accessed 26 May 2019. [Sweat bees; Augohora; Augochloropsis; Augochlorella]
Droege, Sam. “Identification Guide to the Megachilidae Genera of Eastern North America”. Web. 8 Jan. 2009. <http://www.slideshare.net/sdroege/identification-guide-to-the-megachilidae-genera-of-eastern-north-america-presentation?related=1>. Accessed 1 Dec. 2018. [Coelioxys; Megachile]
Droege, Sam, Molly G. Rightmyer, Corsy S. Sheffield and Sean G. Brady, 2010. “New synonymies in the bee genus Nomada from North America (Hymenoptera: Apidae).” Zootaxa, no. 2661: 1-32. [Nomada]
Dusmet & Alonso, Jose Maria. 1924. “Los Xylocopa (Hymenoptera: Apidae) en las colecciones de Madrid.” Trabajos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (España), Serie Xoologica, no. 49:1 – 56. [Xylocopa]
Eickwort, George C, Kathleen R.Eickwort and E. Gorton Linsley. 1977. "Observations on nest aggregations of the bees Diadasia olivacea and D. diminuta (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)." The Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, vol. 50, no. 1: 1-17. [Diadasia diminuta]
Eickwort, George C., and E. Gorton Linsley. 1978. "The Species of the parasitic bee benus Protepeolus (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)." The Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, vol. 51, no. 1:14-21. [Leiopodus].
Eickwort, George C., Robert W. Matthews and James Carpenter. 1981. "Observations on the nesting behavior of Megachile rubi and M. texana with a discussion of the significance of soil nesting in the evolution of megachilid Bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, vol. 54.3: 557-570. [Megachile texana]
Engel, Michael S. 2015. A review of the genera and subgenera of Oxaeinae (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Journal of Melittology 52, 1–18. [Mesoxaea]
Frankie, Gordon W., R.E. Coville, J.C. Pawele, C.C. Jadallah, S.B.. Vinson & L.E.S. Martinez. 1955. “Bee-Flower-People Relationships, Field Biologists, and Conservation in Northwest Urban Costa Rica and Beyond.” Zoosymposia, vol. 2 (2018): 18–28. [Centris]
Fischer, Roland L. 1955. “A nest of Heriades variolosus Cresson (Hymentoptera: Megachilidae).” Canadian Entomologist, vol. 87.1:33-36. [Heriades]
Fischer, Roland L. 1951. “Observations on the Nesting Habits of Megachilid Bees.” Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, vol. 24.2: 46–50. [Megachile]
Frankie, Gordon W., S. Bradleigh Vinson, Linda E. Newstrom & John F. Barthell. 1988. “Nest Site and Habitat Preferences of Centris Bees in the Costa Rican Dry Forest.” Biotropica, vol. 20.4:301-310. [Centris]
Freire, Liliana, Glafiro José Alanís Flores,, Ricardo Ayala Barajas, Humberto Quiroz Martínez & Carlos Gerardo Velazco Macías. 2012. “The large carpenter bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopa spp.) of Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Journal of Pollination Ecology, vol. 7:1-4. [Xylocopa]
Freitas Felipe V., Michael G. Branstetter, Vinícius H. Franceschini-Santo, Achik Dorchin, Karen W. Wright, Margarita M. López-Uribe, Terry L. Griswold, Fernando A. Silveira, & Eduardo A. B. Almeida. 2023. “UCE phylogenomics, biogeography, and classification of long-horned bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Eucerinae), with insights on using specimens with extremely degraded DNA.” Insect Systematics and Diversity, vol. 7(4):1-21. [Eucerini]
Freitas FV, MG Branstetter, TL Griswold, & EAB Almeida. 2021. “Partitioned gene-tree analyses and gene-based topology testing help resolve incongruence in a phylogenomic study of host-specialist bees (Apidae: Eucerinae).” Molecular Biology and Evolution 38(3):1090–1100. [Eucerini]
Gaglianone, MC, HHS Rocha, CR Benevides, CN Junqueira, & SC Augusto. 2010. “Importância De Centridini (Apidae) Na Polinização De Plantas De Interesse Agrícola: O Maracujá-Doce (Passiflora Alata Curtis) Como Estudo De Caso Na Região Sudeste Do Brasil”. Oecologia Australis, vol. 14. 152–164. [Centris]
Garrett, Felipe. “Mulher: Feliz, Danuncia Urban dedicou a vida à ciência: Zoóloga fala sobre escolhas e a satisfação que a ciência trouxe à sua vida.”RCP TV. Rede Globo. July 3, 2014. Web. December 10, 2018.< http://redeglobo.globo.com/rpctv/noticia/2014/03/mulher-feliz-danuncia-urban-dedicou-vida-ciencia.html > [Entomologist Danuncia Urban]
Geiser, Samuel W. 1946. “Notes on Some Workers in Texas Entomology, 1839-1880.” The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, vol. 49, no. 4:593-598. [Texas entomologist Gustave Belfarge].
Genaro, Julio A. 2001. “Especie nueva de Melissoptila para Cuba y La Española (Hymenoptera: Apidae)”. Avicennia, vol. 14:61-64. <http://www.academia.edu/1470845/ [Melissoptila]
Genaro, Julio A. & Dayron Breto. 2024. “The genus Centris Fabricius in Cuba, with a new record and the description of a new species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). Insecta Mundi 1041: 1–26. [Centris]
Gonzalez, Victor H., Enrique Moreno and Miriam H. Richards. "Nesting biology of a neotropical bee, Ceratina mexicana currani Schwarz (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopinae).” Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, vol. 77 (2004): 58-90. [Ceratina]
Goulson, Dave. 2010. Bumblebees: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Bombus]
Grahm, Jason R., Jamie Ellis, Glenn Hall & Catherine Zettel Nalen. 2018. “Anthophora abrupta Say.” University of Florida, Department of Entomology and Nemotology. Web. <http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/bees/anthophora_abrupta.htm>. Accessed 15 Nov. 2018. [Anthophora]
Griswold, Terry L, & Charles D. Michner. 1997. "The Classification of the Osmiini of the Eastern Hemisphere (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae).” Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, vol.70.3:207-253. [Heriades]
Griswold, Terry L. & Molly G. Rightmyer. 2017. “A revision of the subgenus Osmia (Diceratosmia), with descriptions of four new species (Hymenoptera Megachilidae)”. Zootaxa, vol. 4337.1: 001–037. [Osmia]
"Heriades." Exotic Bee ID. USDA APHIS Identification Technology Program (ITP) and Utah State University. Web. 2018. Accessed January 3, 2020. http://idtools.org/id/bees/exotic/factsheet.php?name=16626 [Heriades]
Hobbs, G.A., & C.E. Lilly. 1954. “Ecology of the species of Megachile Latreille in the mixed prairie region of southern Alberta with special reference to pollination of alfalfa.” Ecology, vol. 35.4: 453–462. [Megachile]
Holland, Jennifer S. "The Plight of the Honey Bee." National Geographic. 10 May 2013. Available at: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130510-honeybee-bee-science-european-union-pesticides-colony-collapse-epa-science/ [Apis mellifera]
Holmberg, Eduardo Ladislao. 1903. “Delectus Hymenopterologicus Argentinus.” Anales del museo nacional de Buenos Aires, vol. 2.3:377-468. [Svastra; bee genera of South America; Holmberg]
Holmberg, Eduardo Ladislao. 1909. “Sobre abejas de Mendoza.” Apuntes de historia natural, vol. 1.1 (1909): 40. [Bee genera of South America; Holmberg]
Holmberg, Eduardo Ladislao. 1921. “Apidae Argentinae. Generis Psaenythia Gerstaecker.” Anales del museo nacional de Buenos Aires, vol. 31:249-354. [Bee genera of South America; Holmberg]
“Honey Bees Originated from Asia, Not Africa.” Entomology Today. 25 Aug. 2014. Entomological Society of America. Web. <https://entomologytoday.org/2014/08/25/study-finds-honey-bees-originated-from-asia-not-africa/>. Accessed 7 Dec. 2018. [Apis mellifera]
Hurd, Paul D., Jr. 1978. “Bamboo-Nesting Carpenter Bees (Genus Xylocopa Latreille) of the Subgenus Stenoxylocopa Hurd and Moure (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae).” Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, vol. 51.4:746-764. [Xylocopa strandi]
Hurd, Paul D., Jr., Wallace E. LaBerge, & E. Gorton Linsley. 1980. "Principal Sunflower Bees of North America with Emphasis on the Southwestern United States (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 310. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Press. [Exomalopsis; Svastra sabinensis and Svastra petulca]
Kardas, Elif, Angie M. González-Rosario, Tugrul Giray, James D. Ackerman, & Filipa Godoy-Vitorino. 2023. "Gut microbiota variation of a tropical oil-collecting bee species far exceeds that of the honeybee." Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 14:1122489. [Apis; Centris]
“Key to Green Halictid Diversity.” University of Virginia. Web. <http://people.virginia.edu/~thr8z/Bee_Diversity/Green_Halictid_Key/>. Accessed 15 Dec. 2018. [Halictidae]
Koch, Jonathan, James Strange, and Paul Williams. 2012. Bumblebees of the Western United States. Washington, D.C., United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service (with Pollinator Partnership), 2012. Available as pdf at website of the USDA Forest Service. <https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/documents/BumbleBeeGuideWestern2012.pdf> [Bombus]
Kopec, Kelsey, & Lori Ann Burd. “Pollinators in peril: A systematic status review of North American and Hawaiian native bees." Center for Biological Diversity. Web. February 2017. <http://worldbeeproject.org/latest-posts/2017/8/23/pollinators-in-peril>. Accessed October 31, 2018. [General survey of United States Bee Species]
Krombein, Karl. 1967. Trap-nesting Wasps and Bees: Life Histories, Nests and Associates. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Press. [Megachile]
Krombein, Karl. 1970. "Another note on the nesting habits of Megachile texana Cresson." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, vol. 55:84-85. [Megachile]
LaBerge, Wallace E. “The genera of bees of the tribe Eucerini in North and Central America (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). American Museum novitates, no. 1837 (1957): 1-44 at 37-38. [Melissoptila]
LaBerge, Wallace E. 1957. “The genera of bees of the tribe Eucerini in North and Central America (Hymenoptera, Apoidea)”. American Museum novitates, no. 1837:1-44 at 37-38. [Melissoptila]
LaBerge, Wallace E. 1958. “Notes on the North and Central American bees of the genus Svastra Holmberg (Hymenoptera: Apidae).” Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, vol. 31.4:266-273. [Svastra]
LaBerge, Wallace E. 1961. “A Revision of the Bees of the Genus Melissodes in North and Central America. Part III (Hymentoptera, Apidae).” University of Kansas Science Bulletin, vol. 42.5:283-663. [Melissodes]
LaBerge, Wallace E. 1963. “Records of the genus Svastra in North America with the description of a new species (Hymenoptera: Apidae).” Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, vol. 36.1:52-56. [Svastra]
LaBerge, Wallace. E. 2001. “A revision of the bees of the genus Tetraloniella in the New World (Hymenoptera: Apidae).” Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, vol. 36.3: 67-162. [Tetraloniella]
“Leafcutter Bees.” Colorado State University Extension. Web. 20 July 2014. <http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/insect/05576.html>. Accessed 20 Dec. 2018. [Megachile]
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